Abstact

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase catalyzes the final step in proline biosynthesis. Human P5C reductase isoform 1 (PYCR1) has emerged as a key metabolic enzyme supporting cancer progression through its roles in redox homeostasis, collagen production, and the proline-P5C cycle. Despite its relevance as a therapeutic target, structural and chemical efforts to inhibit PYCR1 remain limited and have largely focused on proline analogs. Here, we report the first crystallographic fragment screening (XFS) campaign against PYCR1, employing a chemically diverse library of 96 compounds. We solved twelve co-crystal structures, featuring ligands occupying the P5C and NADH binding pockets, including dual-site ligands that span both regions. Among the newly identified moieties, sulfonamide and sulfamate groups emerged as notable isosteric replacements for the carboxylate group in the PYCR1 active site. Aromatic substituents in several compounds revealed a cryptic subpocket near the nicotinamide-binding site. Interestingly, halogen-substituted aromatic rings, often present in known PYCR1 inhibitors, exhibited distinct binding orientations, reflecting the flexibility and diversity of interactions in the binding subpockets. High-resolution structures revealed ligand-induced conformational changes in PYCR1, some involving significant rearrangements. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that these conformations are accessible in the ligand-free enzyme, underscoring the intrinsic plasticity of PYCR1's active site.