Abstact

Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) are an important class of RNA editing enzymes that catalyze the deamination of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Since inosine is typically read as guanosine (G) during translation, ADARs can produce A to G transitions in dsRNA. Site-directed RNA editing (SDRE) is a promising therapeutic tool wherein guide RNAs can be used to direct endogenous human ADARs to reverse disease-causing mutations in specific RNA transcripts. Guide RNA (gRNA) modifications at locations that contact the ADAR active site are often used to improve editing efficiency. However, little is known about rate-enhancing chemical modifications in the gRNA at the dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD)-RNA interface. Analysis of published crystal structures of ADAR2 bound to dsRNA suggested positions at this interface would be sensitive to gRNA modification. In this work, gRNAs bearing 2'-modifications in the dsRBD binding site were synthesized and subsequently tested to determine their effects on the editing rate of therapeutically relevant ADAR targets. We found that replacing a single 2'-OH at specific positions on the gRNA with a 2'-F substantially increased the rate of in vitro ADAR2-catalyzed adenosine deamination for two different sequences, whereas 2'-OMe at these positions was inhibitory. This effect was also validated in cellulo. The rate of ADAR1-catalyzed deamination is not stimulated by these 2'-F modifications. A crystal structure of an ADAR2 fragment bound to duplex RNA bearing a single 2'-F at guide position +13 suggested a favorable interaction between the side chain of N241 of the auxiliary ADAR2 monomer and the 2'-F modification. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and mass photometry indicate 2'-F at position +13 facilitates ADAR2 dimerization on the RNA substrate. This work advances our understanding of the RNA features that define superior ADAR substrates and inform the design of gRNAs for therapeutic RNA editing.