Abstact

Cyclophilin D inhibitors that prevent opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) are potential treatments for a range of acute and chronic diseases, including acute pancreatitis. Here, we report that replacement of carbon with nitrogen in the pyrrolidine headgroup of a series of cyclophilin D inhibitors gives a dramatic enhancement in binding affinity (>40 fold), and prolyl isomerase inhibition (PPIase) activity (>200 fold), which is ascribed to a preorganization of the pyrazolidine amide headgroup. Protein-ligand X-ray crystal structures and NMR and molecular modeling demonstrate the importance of cis-amide geometry within the preorganized conformation, ensuring the ligand headgroup is anchored in the S1' binding pocket, leading to potent nM PPIase inhibition and binding. Pyrazolidines potently inhibit MPTP opening and prevent pancreatic toxin-induced cell necrosis in vitro. In vivo, 18f provided a significant improvement of acute pancreatitis biomarkers in the CER-AP mouse pancreatitis model, underlining the potential of this series.