Abstact

Granulins are a family of unique protein growth factors which are found in a range of species and have several bioactivities that include cell proliferation and wound healing. They typically contain six disulfide bonds, but the sequences, structures and bioactivities vary significantly. We have previously shown that an N-terminally truncated version of a granulin from the human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, can fold independently into a "mini-granulin" structure and has potent wound healing properties in vivo. The incorporation of a non-native third disulfide bond, with respect to the full-length granulin module, was critical for the formation of regular secondary structure in the liver fluke derived peptide. By contrast, this third disulfide bond is not required for a carp granulin-1 truncated peptide to fold independently. This distinction led us to explore granulins from the zebrafish model organism. Here we show that the mini-granulin fold occurs in a naturally occurring paragranulin (half-domain) from zebrafish, and is also present in a truncated form of a full-length zebrafish granulin, suggesting this structure might be a common property in either naturally occurring or engineered N-terminally truncated granulins and the carp granulin-1 folding is an anomaly. The in vitro folding yield is significantly higher in the naturally occurring paragranulin, but only the truncated zebrafish granulin peptide promoted the proliferation of fibroblasts consistent with a growth factor function, and therefore the function of the paragranulin remains unknown. These findings provide insight into the folding and evolution of granulin domains and might be useful in the elucidation of the structural features important for bioactivity to aid the design of more potent and stable analogues for the development of novel wound healing agents.