Abstact

BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can mitigate the morbidity and mortality caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Successful development of ART can be accelerated by accurate structural and biochemical data on targets and their responses to inhibitors. One important ART target, HIV integrase (IN), has historically been studied in vitro in a modified form adapted to bacterial overexpression, with a methionine or a longer fusion protein sequence at the N-terminus. In contrast, IN present in viral particles is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the Pol polyprotein, which leaves a phenylalanine at the N-terminus (IN 1F). Inspection of available structures suggested that added residues on the N-terminus might disrupt proper protein folding and formation of multimeric complexes. RESULTS We purified HIV-1 IN 1F1-212 and solved its structure at 2.4 Å resolution, which showed extension of an N-terminal helix compared to the published structure of IN1-212. Full-length IN 1F showed increased in vitro catalytic activity in assays of coupled joining of the two viral DNA ends compared to two IN variants containing additional N-terminal residues. IN 1F was also altered in its sensitivity to inhibitors, showing decreased sensitivity to the strand-transfer inhibitor raltegravir and increased sensitivity to allosteric integrase inhibitors. In solution, IN 1F exists as monomers and dimers, in contrast to other IN preparations which exist as higher-order oligomers. CONCLUSIONS The structural, biochemical, and biophysical characterization of IN 1F reveals the conformation of the native HIV-1 IN N-terminus and accompanying unique biochemical and biophysical properties. IN 1F thus represents an improved reagent for use in integration reactions in vitro and the development of antiretroviral agents.