Abstact

The histone-like protein HU from Bacillus stearothermophilus is a dimer with a molecular mass of 19.5 kDa that is capable of bending DNA. An X-ray structure has been determined, but no structure could be established for a large part of the supposed DNA-binding beta-arms. Using distance and dihedral constraints derived from triple-resonance NMR data of a 13C/15N doubly-labelled HU protein 49 distance geometry structures were calculated, which were refined by means of restrained Molecular Dynamics. From this set a total of 25 refined structures were selected having low constraint energy and few constraint violations. The ensemble of 25 structures display a root-mea-square co-ordinate deviation of 0.36 A with respect to the average structure, calculated over the backbone heavy atoms of residues 2 to 54 and 75 to 90 (and residues 2' to 54' and 75' to 90' of the second monomer). The structure of the core is very similar to that observed in the X-ray structure, with a pairwise r.m.s.d. of 1.06 A. The structure of the beta-hairpin arm contains a double flip-over at the prolines in the two strands of the beta-arm. Strong 15N-NH heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser effects indicate that the beta-arm and especially the tip is flexible. This explains the disorder observed in the solution and X-ray structures of the beta-arm, in respect of the core of the protein. Overlayed onto itself the beta-arm is better defined, with an r.m.s.d. of 1.0 A calculated over the backbone heavy atoms of residues 54 to 59 and 69 to 74. The tip of the arm adopts a well-defined 4:6 beta-hairpin conformation similar to the iron co-ordinating beta-arms of rubredoxin.